The incidental collection of fungal spores by bees and the collection of spores in lieu of pollen

Fungi are associated with bees in various ways, but this review (which also includes some new records) is confined to those related to the two main field activities of foraging bees, i.e. nectar and pollen collection. These associations are discussed below under the categories of the incidental collection of fungal spores during nectar and pollen foraging and the collection of fungal spores in lieu of pollen.